Reproduction System - Females/Males

The reproduction system in males and females is responsible for the production of hormones as well as the process of reproduction.

Males

One of the most important organs of the make reproductive system are the testicles. They are enclosed in a sack known as the scrotum. The scrotum helps keep the testicles at a temperature lower then body temperature. This is important because the sperms are produced in the seminiferous tubules located in the testicles.

The epididymis is a system of convoluted tubes that connects the testicles to the vas deferens. The epididymis is responsible for emptying the sperm into the vas deferens. The vas deferens is connected to the seminal vesicle and the prostate gland. The seminal vesicle and the prostate gland release secretions that mixes with the sperm to create semen. The ejaculatory duet carries the sperm into the urethra located in the penis.

The penis contains erectile tissue and becomes erect while being aroused.

The cowper's gland located at the base of the penis prepares the urethra for ejaculation of semen.

Female

The female reproductive system is the counterpart of the male reproductive system. The outer genitals consists of the labia major and the labia minora. The clitoris, like the penis, contains recital tissue. Just like how males have two testicles, females have two ovaries. The ovaries produce hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

The follicles in the ovaries produce eggs. Every month one egg enters the uterine tube and travels to the uterus. Every month, the lining of the uterus is nourished with blood or other liquids for preparations of receiving a fertilized egg. If the egg is not fertilized, it is discharged from the uterus along with the lining. This monthly "discharge" is known as menstruation.

The uterus is connected to the vagina and the cervix. During sex, the semen from the male penis enters the vagina. The sperm cells then travel to the tube in order to fertilize the egg. However, it is possible for only one sperm cell to penetrate the egg and fertilize the egg.

The genetic material from the sperm and egg combine to form the first cell of the zygote. The egg then travels to the uterus then it attaches itself to the endometrium. The fertilized egg then turns into a baby over time, usually around 40 weeks.

Child Birth

During child birth, the baby is pushed through the cervix then through to the vagina. The vagina becomes the birth canal for the baby.

The Nervous System

Your brain controls just about everything you do including all the activities that are going on inside your body. All such actions have to be properly timed and coordinated, which is done by the nervous system and the hormonal system. The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurones that coordinate the actions of an animal/mammal and transmit signals between different parts of the body. The nervous system is divided into two main systems, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spiral cord, which is located in and protected by the skull and the vertebral column.  The main job is to get the information from the body and send out instructions. The peripheral nervous system is make up of all the nerves which transmits the messages from the brain to the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to sensory organs. Examples of sensory organs are the human eye, ears, muscles, blood vessels and glands.

Neurones are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. These cells are the information-processing units of the brain responsible for receiving and transmitting information. Each part of the neurone plays a role in the communication of information throughout the body.


A Neurone has three parts; the cell body, the axon and the dendrites The cell body contains a well defined nucleus surrounded by a granular cytoplasm. The cell body is also known as a perikaryon.

Dendrites are branched cytoplasmic projections of the cell body. They are for receiving impulses from the axon of another neurone.

The axon is a long process of neurone cell body. The axon is specialized to carry message and has the ability to contact 1000 other neurones but only if it has enough branches. Axons are covered by a protective layer of a white, insulating sheath called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath shows gaps throughout the length, which are called nodes of ranvier. The end of the axons have swollen bulbs called axon terminals that store certain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

There are three different types of neurones.

 Sensory neurones: carry impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system.

Motor neurones: carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands of our body.

Interneurones: connect various neurones within the brain and spinal cord. It carries information between the motor and sensory neurones.

The brain is the main component of the nervous system. The brain contains around a thousand billion neurones. The brain is protected by three membranes coverings called:

 Meninges; continue through to the spinal cord.

Dura Mater; which is the fabarus membrane (outer layer).

Arachnoid; thin, delicate, gives web like cushion (middle layer).

Pia Mater; highly vascular, richly supplied with blood (inner layer).

The space between these membranes is filed with the cerebrospinal fluid. It acts like a cushion to protect the brain from shocks. The fluid also fills the spaces inside the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Protein Synthesis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgR85NbkwXk

Here is a link to a youtube video I created describing the process of protein synthesis!

Urinary System - Urine Therapy - Interesting Facts Post

Urine therapy, also known as urotherapy, is when people apply urine on the skin and drink urine for medical benefits. This may be the weirdest, grossest and interesting fact I have ever read.  According to researchers, urine has a wide-scale of industrial and agriculture use. Ancient Rome used urine to whiten there teeth. According to some reports, the bible also recommended urine therapy! "Drink waters from thy own cistern, flowing water from thy own well." This does not seem legit, but who said conspiracy theories aren't interesting? Hinduism also believed that urine therapy would be the cure to some diseases and cancers by mixing water with urine and drinking it on a daily basis. Islam disliked the urine therapy remedy, but they also said, "only and one may drink urine but strictly only if no other drinkable liquid is available." The Prime Minister of India highly recommends urine therapy for those who cannot afford medical treatment. Urine therapy is considered a natural remedy which attracts many people to the idea. Many people believe in urine therapy because the body produces a source of natural nourishment, this is where people believe urine therapy helps the healing process of any of their injuries. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBRBbRNUxqE

Here is a video where the TV show, "The Doctors," talk about urine therapy and elaborate on how urine therapy is used and if it does or does not work!

Christmas Ornament

Digestive System Inquiry

Imagine if their was something wrong with your digestive system. Now imagine if the doctor prescribed you the wrong medication? In this case, you're in a lose lose situation. For nearly 100 years doctors wrongly prescribed medication for peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers are painful sores on the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. Physicians thought the source of this problem was spicy food or stress so they prescribed treatment which was rest and a tedious diet. But then in 1982, two Australian researchers found out what the real solution was; it was the bacterium helicobacter pylori which burrowed into the stomachs mucosal lining. After all the research and recordings, doctors came up with a better alternative prescription which was antibiotics. The two Australian researchers, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall were later awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2005.

Biological Molecules Lab

(Follow up questions and description were previously handed in)

Respiratory Lab

Both small beakers are full of 25ml of distilled water however, one beaker will be air pressured  while the other will be breathed into for five minutes.  After those five minutes one must add one drop of universal indactor to both beakers.

The beaker on the left came in contact with carbon dioxide and it changed color from white to yellow due to the universal indicator however, this proves that it has become more acidic in pH level.  While, the beaker on right was areated and it changed color from white to green which proves that it is still neutral.

The test tubes with the lime water. The left has a straw to breath into and the right side has a air pressure tube that will put oxygen into the lime water.

The test tube that had a air tube putting air didn't change and stayed neutral but were some bubbles. The left test tube with the straw changed color because it had contact with CO2.

Exercise Science - 5 Week Fitness Routine

Fitness Goals: Increase flexibility, core strength, and physical strength.
Measured:
Flexibility- Sit and reach
Core Strength- How long a plank can be held for
Physical Strength- The amount of weight and reps completed

Pre-test:

Flexibility- 2/5
Core Strength- 4 minutes 16 seconds
Physical Strength- (Squats) 225 pounds, (Bench Press) 200 pounds, (Push Press) 135 pounds, (Deadlift) 305 pounds, (Pull-ups) Max: 16 reps

Goals:

Flexibility: +4/5
Core Strength: 8 minutes
Physical Strength- (Squats) +240 pounds, (Bench Press) +215 pounds, (Push Press) +150 pounds, (Deadlift) +320 pounds, (Pull-ups) Max: 20

Note: Squats cannot be performed due to partially torn hip flexor and groin due to overuse of the muscles and the "wear and tear effect."

Week 1:

Monday- (Bench) 200 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 16 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x25, One leg plank (leg up and down) x25, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x25, Walking plank (resistance band) 60 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x15, Plank punch (resistance band) x15, Prone elbow stance x60 seconds, Lateral plank left x60 seconds, Lateral plank right x60 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 135 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 11 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x25, One leg plank (leg up and down) x25, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x25, Walking plank (resistance band) 60 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x15, Plank punch (resistance band) x15, Prone elbow stance x60 seconds, Lateral plank left x60 seconds, Lateral plank right x60 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Friday- (Deadlift) 305 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 17 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Week 2:

Monday- (Bench) 205 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 18 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x27, One leg plank (leg up and down) x27, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x27, Walking plank (resistance band) 70 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x17, Plank punch (resistance band) x17, Prone elbow stance x70 seconds, Lateral plank left x70 seconds, Lateral plank right x70 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 140 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 16 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x27, One leg plank (leg up and down) x27, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x27, Walking plank (resistance band) 70 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x17, Plank punch (resistance band) x17, Prone elbow stance x70 seconds, Lateral plank left x70 seconds, Lateral plank right x70 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Friday- (Deadlift) 310 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 18 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Week 3:

Monday- (Bench) 215 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 19 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x30, One leg plank (leg up and down) x30, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x30, Walking plank (resistance band) 80 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x20, Plank punch (resistance band) x20, Prone elbow stance x80 seconds, Lateral plank left x80 seconds, Lateral plank right x80 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 145 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 17 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x30, One leg plank (leg up and down) x30, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x30, Walking plank (resistance band) 80 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x20, Plank punch (resistance band) x20, Prone elbow stance x80 seconds, Lateral plank left x80 seconds, Lateral plank right x80 seconds, Plank xMax time,(Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day, everyday}

Friday- (Deadlift) 315 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 18 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Week 4:

Monday- (Bench) 220 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 19 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x35, One leg plank (leg up and down) x35, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x35, Walking plank (resistance band) 90 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x25, Plank punch (resistance band) x25, Prone elbow stance x90 seconds, Lateral plank left x90 seconds, Lateral plank right x90 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 150 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 20 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x35, One leg plank (leg up and down) x35, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x35, Walking plank (resistance band) 90 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x25, Plank punch (resistance band) x25, Prone elbow stance x90 seconds, Lateral plank left x90 seconds, Lateral plank right x90 seconds, Plank xMax time,(Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day, everyday}

Friday- (Deadlift) 320 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 18 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Week 5:

Monday- (Bench) 225 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 20 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x40, One leg plank (leg up and down) x40, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x40, Walking plank (resistance band) 95 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x30, Plank punch (resistance band) x30, Prone elbow stance x95 seconds, Lateral plank left x95 seconds, Lateral plank right x95 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 155 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 21 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x40, One leg plank (leg up and down) x40, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x40, Walking plank (resistance band) 95 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x30, Plank punch (resistance band) x30, Prone elbow stance x95 seconds, Lateral plank left x95 seconds, Lateral plank right x95 seconds, Plank xMax time,(Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day, everyday}

Friday- (Deadlift) 325 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 20 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Final Testing:

Flexibility- 3/5
Core Strength: 9 minutes 3 seconds
Physical Strength: (Bench Press) 225 pounds, (Push Press) 155 pounds, (Deadlift) 325 pounds, (Pull-ups) Max: 21 (Once)

Conclusion:

I was very proud of how far I got with my goals and rehab. My hip flexor and groin has been healing at a good rate considering how bad the injury was. I increased my physical strength to my likings and my core strength has increased dramatically. I was disappointed with my flexibility progress but I understand that increasing my flexibility will not take little over a month, it will take at least six to twelve months considering the tightness in my muscles. Overall this experiment was a great success and I enjoyed doing these recording and learning more about my body and my abilities.

Digestive System Online Quiz

5/5

Colon Cancer Surgery Reflection

Watching the colon cancer surgery take place as well as viewing the images taken was nonetheless horrific. I was surprised at the fact on how much the human stomach was able to inflate after being injected with carbon dioxide. I realized the point of inflating the stomach with carbon dioxide was so the surgeon had an overall better view to perform the surgery. I was absolutely amazed on how the surgeons were able to view themselves perform surgery looking at a screen while having a camera which was placed through a port. It was also very interesting to me how technology has advanced in medicare in the recent years. It makes me wonder how colon surgery's were performed in years previous before the advancement in technology. But from something outside the overall surgery, It fascinated me to watch the surgeons did the surgery so calmly, elegantly, productively and in an organized fashion. Considering this surgeons have spent their whole lives in school, it is still very impressive. I also found the development of colon cancer to be petrifying. Colon cancer is developed over the course of a few years. It takes place in the large intestine in which your cells do not function properly. The only way to find out you have colon cancer is through body scans. I learned an awful lot after watching the surgery take place. Colon cancer seems to be a secretive type of cancer, unlike most cancers where the symptoms become obvious instead of oblivious. Most importantly, I learned how well the doctors, nurses, and surgeons are trained and prepped before they start their careers. It takes a great deal of skill to do what these people have done and it reassures everyone they are safe under most physicians on Canadian soil.

Digestive System T-Shirt

Digestive System Video

Video Made By: Tajvir, Jaiwant, and Gagan.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOYjgDcKIQc

Respiration Lab

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Describe the process of external gas exchange. What gases are being changed? Why?

External gas exchange is between the air and lungs. Oxygen goes into the blood from the air via alveoli. Carbon dioxide goes into alveoli into air from blood. You breath out carbon dioxide because of cellular respiration. O2 + glucose → H2O + CO2 + ATP

Procedure: 

Observations:

Part A - Aerating of lime water had no changes (left test tube). The test tube that had carbon dioxide aired into by a human turned cloudy ( right test tube).

Part B - The beaker to the left turned into a light green was aerated which means it is neutral. The beaker to the right had distilled water and had a human being breathed carbon dioxide out into it turned into a vibrant yellow which means its highly acidic.

Part C -

Amount of breaths taken in 60 seconds; 28, 25 and 18.
Amount of breaths taken in 30 seconds; 18, 14 10.

The results which were taken in thirty seconds are slightly higher (if multiplied by 2) to equal out the amount of time given to breath. This test was mostly subjected to human error so therefore it is not conclusive.

Questions:

Part A

1. What does a change in color in the lime water indicate?
A change in color indicates chemical change.

2. What is the purpose of the control test tube?
To compare the difference between how the lime water is affected by oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Part B

3. What does the change in color of the universal indicator mean?
When your body breathes out C02 and it combines with H2O, the pH levels change and the H2O becomes acidic.

4. What is the purpose of the control beaker?
The purpose is to compare and see the results of both test tubes

5. Explain what is happening in the test beaker of water.
Both of the beakers remained the same until the universal indicator was added. The beaker that was aerated turned into a light green color, symbolizing that it is neutral. The beaker that we breathed out carbon dioxide into turned yellow, symbolizing it is acidic.

6. Why does your blood not become acidic?
 Our blood contains hydrogen with hemoglobin molecules which regulates our pH levels. That keeps are blood from not becoming acidic.

Part C

8. Explain the results for Part C. What happened to the breathing rate? What mechanism is responsible for this change?
I think part C failed due to human error. The participants continuously lost count throughout the course of the test.

Lung Inflation and Deflation Lab

This lab is a way to show the mechanism of breathing. When the diaphragm goes down, the lung inflates. when the diaphragm goes back up, the lung deflates.

Respiratory System - Free Divers Are Immoral

The respiratory system is made up of several organs and structures, including the lungs, windpipe, diaphragm and alveoli. It is responsible for taking in oxygen and taking out carbon-dioxide.

The average time an adult can hold their breath is between 30 and 60 seconds. This set quantity has to do with the buildup of carbon dioxide than the lack of oxygen, which your body stores in muscle proteins called myoglobin. But free divers (people who practice the sport of diving underwater without using equipment like scuba gear) have different techniques, such as hyperventilation, to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, allowing them to hold their breath for remarkable long times. An example is Denmark's Stig Severinsen who currently holds the Guinness World Record for the longest free dive. In 2010, he held his breath underwater for 22 minutes.

The World Record Holder

http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BWRiVNE0spw

The Secrets of Holding Your Breath Longer

http://io9.com/the-secret-to-holding-your-breath-for-20-minutes-1542451520

An App That Can Help You

http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YPW47afgWbA

Training Advice From Experienced Freediver for Beginners

http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BWRiVNE0spw

Exercise Science - Fitness Goal

My fitness goal: My fitness goal is to increase my flexibility because I feel as though my body is above average in all six departments we have measured except for flexibility. 

How you can measure it (specific fitness test): I scored a 8/17 on the "FitNation Flexibility Test." This scored surprised me because I have been working on my flexibility for quite some time. After doing research, visiting a chiropractor and physiotherapist, I have concluded the fact my body is not flexible what so ever is because of the amount of stress I put on my muscles on a weekly basis. I was recommended to do only a certain amount of training which would allow my body to become less injury prone. My goal is to score a +14 on the next "FitNation Flexibility Test" which will take place near winter break (Every 2-3 months). 

A workout / app that will help you meet your goal: After consulting my physiotherapist and chiropractor, they insisted that I began doing "active isolating stretching." AIS is a newly discovered stretching method which makes your body go beyond its stretching limits which allows you to increase your flexibility by %10-%15 if the structure of the stretching routine is correct. I took on the responsibility of trying to find a stretching routine which would give me the success I desired. 

I found this amazing routine constructed by The Northern Quarter Clinic on Youtube. I have been doing this routine twice on a daily basis and so far I have seen a huge difference doing it on a  consistent basis. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWwu5x8jeKg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ooDdMiZ2Bs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBu0HQFDpME

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzgoiAa-E78

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g2YoRRULLI

  

Crash Course Video

Crash Course Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=9fxm85Fy4sQ

The respiratory system takes the oxygen needed for the body from the out side of the body and brings it into the lungs where it is diffused through the lungs and into the blood stream. The circulatory system carries the oxygenated blood throughout the body where oxygen is exchanged for waste materials, for example, carbon dioxide, which is carried back to the lungs where it is let into the atmosphere (exhalation) in exchange for Oxygen (inhalation). One of the interesting things I've learned from watching the "Crash Course Video" was how animals obtain oxygen by the process called simple diffusion. This process allows animals to inhale oxygen without lungs, the oxygen goes into the animals, passes through wet membranes, and is then processed. Another interesting fact I learned is mammals and birds are warm blooded, they lose calories because their body needs to regulate it's body temperature which requires even more oxygen. 

 

 

Protein Activity

1. What type of bond is found in the primary structure (Amino acids)?

Polar peptide bonds are found between the amino acids.

2. Why does the secondary structure form (Alpha Helix)?

The secondary structure forms because of the polar peptide bonds. 

3. What created the 3rd structure? Why did your protein look different then everyone else's? 

The 3rd structure was created by the protein attraction or repelling each other. Mine looked different then everyone else's because I choose different proteins which causes different shapes because some proteins repel and some attract to each other.

4. How was the 4th structure created? 

The 4th structure was created by two or more polypeptides which got stuck together because two proteins attracted each other.

5. Would your protein have the same shape if you changed the primary structure? Explain.

No it would not because their would be different proteins which repel or attract each other which would make different shapes.

Heart Dissection

  

External Anatomy

The heart seems to be a maroon and dark purple color, but there is a huge color differential on different parts of the heart. It weighs less than a pound, it is also uneasy to control due to its slippery conditions.  When viewed from the front, the heart is triangular. The base of the heart has a broader top end, from which the vessels enter and leave the heart. The heart narrows down to a rounded point. It was easy to spot the four chambers of the heart, the right and left atria and ventricles. The aorta and pulmonary trunk seemed to be flappy. The inferior and superior vena cava was difficult to spot because it seemed to be much smaller and thinner than expected.

Internal Anatomy

The internal anatomy was awfully sickening. The left ventricle wall seemed much thicker than the right ventricle wall. It was noticeable different because I was able to feel the thick layer of muscle covering the left ventricle while the right ventricle seemed very thin. The semi-lunar valve, aortic valve, left and right valves seemed all similar. They were all glutinous and thin. They felt like pieces of gum, but stronger and a lot more durable.

Questions:

1. What was the most surprising thing about dissecting the heart?  Describe what your expectations were and if they were met.

The most surprising thing about dissecting the heart was being able to see how condensed the parts of the heart actually are. Even though the heart is very compact and much smaller in size then I imagined, it amazed me how something that is comparable to the size of my fist can manage to pump blood throughout my entire body.

2. Why are the atria and ventricles so different (compare their structure to their function)?

The atria are the upper chamber of the heart and the ventricles are the lower chamber. The Atria receive deoxygenated blood while the ventricles receive blood from the atria and force it out to the aorta or the pulmonary artery. The atria have thinner walls due to low blood pressure and the ventricles have thick walls due to high blood pressure.

3. Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right?

The reason the left ventricle is more muscular than the right ventricle is because the right and left ventricles both have different jobs. The right ventricles job is to send deoxygenated blood to the lungs so the lungs can collect the CO2 and give away 02 to the blood. Meanwhile the left ventricle has to send oxygenated blood throughout our entire bodies which requires a lot more strength, therefore it is more muscular because the left ventricle is doing a lot more work than the right which causes it to enlarge due to its amount of strength building up.

4. What are functions of the heart valves?  Describe how the structure of the valves relates to their function (including chordae tendinae).

When the left ventricle relaxes, the aortic valve closes and the mitral valve opens, to allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle. The left atrium contracts, allowing even more blood to flow into the left ventricle, When the left ventricle contracts again, the mitral valve closes and the aortic valve opens, so blood flows into the aorta.