Reproduction System - Females/Males

The reproduction system in males and females is responsible for the production of hormones as well as the process of reproduction.

Males

One of the most important organs of the make reproductive system are the testicles. They are enclosed in a sack known as the scrotum. The scrotum helps keep the testicles at a temperature lower then body temperature. This is important because the sperms are produced in the seminiferous tubules located in the testicles.

The epididymis is a system of convoluted tubes that connects the testicles to the vas deferens. The epididymis is responsible for emptying the sperm into the vas deferens. The vas deferens is connected to the seminal vesicle and the prostate gland. The seminal vesicle and the prostate gland release secretions that mixes with the sperm to create semen. The ejaculatory duet carries the sperm into the urethra located in the penis.

The penis contains erectile tissue and becomes erect while being aroused.

The cowper's gland located at the base of the penis prepares the urethra for ejaculation of semen.

Female

The female reproductive system is the counterpart of the male reproductive system. The outer genitals consists of the labia major and the labia minora. The clitoris, like the penis, contains recital tissue. Just like how males have two testicles, females have two ovaries. The ovaries produce hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

The follicles in the ovaries produce eggs. Every month one egg enters the uterine tube and travels to the uterus. Every month, the lining of the uterus is nourished with blood or other liquids for preparations of receiving a fertilized egg. If the egg is not fertilized, it is discharged from the uterus along with the lining. This monthly "discharge" is known as menstruation.

The uterus is connected to the vagina and the cervix. During sex, the semen from the male penis enters the vagina. The sperm cells then travel to the tube in order to fertilize the egg. However, it is possible for only one sperm cell to penetrate the egg and fertilize the egg.

The genetic material from the sperm and egg combine to form the first cell of the zygote. The egg then travels to the uterus then it attaches itself to the endometrium. The fertilized egg then turns into a baby over time, usually around 40 weeks.

Child Birth

During child birth, the baby is pushed through the cervix then through to the vagina. The vagina becomes the birth canal for the baby.

The Nervous System

Your brain controls just about everything you do including all the activities that are going on inside your body. All such actions have to be properly timed and coordinated, which is done by the nervous system and the hormonal system. The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurones that coordinate the actions of an animal/mammal and transmit signals between different parts of the body. The nervous system is divided into two main systems, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spiral cord, which is located in and protected by the skull and the vertebral column.  The main job is to get the information from the body and send out instructions. The peripheral nervous system is make up of all the nerves which transmits the messages from the brain to the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to sensory organs. Examples of sensory organs are the human eye, ears, muscles, blood vessels and glands.

Neurones are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. These cells are the information-processing units of the brain responsible for receiving and transmitting information. Each part of the neurone plays a role in the communication of information throughout the body.


A Neurone has three parts; the cell body, the axon and the dendrites The cell body contains a well defined nucleus surrounded by a granular cytoplasm. The cell body is also known as a perikaryon.

Dendrites are branched cytoplasmic projections of the cell body. They are for receiving impulses from the axon of another neurone.

The axon is a long process of neurone cell body. The axon is specialized to carry message and has the ability to contact 1000 other neurones but only if it has enough branches. Axons are covered by a protective layer of a white, insulating sheath called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath shows gaps throughout the length, which are called nodes of ranvier. The end of the axons have swollen bulbs called axon terminals that store certain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

There are three different types of neurones.

 Sensory neurones: carry impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system.

Motor neurones: carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands of our body.

Interneurones: connect various neurones within the brain and spinal cord. It carries information between the motor and sensory neurones.

The brain is the main component of the nervous system. The brain contains around a thousand billion neurones. The brain is protected by three membranes coverings called:

 Meninges; continue through to the spinal cord.

Dura Mater; which is the fabarus membrane (outer layer).

Arachnoid; thin, delicate, gives web like cushion (middle layer).

Pia Mater; highly vascular, richly supplied with blood (inner layer).

The space between these membranes is filed with the cerebrospinal fluid. It acts like a cushion to protect the brain from shocks. The fluid also fills the spaces inside the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Protein Synthesis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgR85NbkwXk

Here is a link to a youtube video I created describing the process of protein synthesis!

Urinary System - Urine Therapy - Interesting Facts Post

Urine therapy, also known as urotherapy, is when people apply urine on the skin and drink urine for medical benefits. This may be the weirdest, grossest and interesting fact I have ever read.  According to researchers, urine has a wide-scale of industrial and agriculture use. Ancient Rome used urine to whiten there teeth. According to some reports, the bible also recommended urine therapy! "Drink waters from thy own cistern, flowing water from thy own well." This does not seem legit, but who said conspiracy theories aren't interesting? Hinduism also believed that urine therapy would be the cure to some diseases and cancers by mixing water with urine and drinking it on a daily basis. Islam disliked the urine therapy remedy, but they also said, "only and one may drink urine but strictly only if no other drinkable liquid is available." The Prime Minister of India highly recommends urine therapy for those who cannot afford medical treatment. Urine therapy is considered a natural remedy which attracts many people to the idea. Many people believe in urine therapy because the body produces a source of natural nourishment, this is where people believe urine therapy helps the healing process of any of their injuries. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBRBbRNUxqE

Here is a video where the TV show, "The Doctors," talk about urine therapy and elaborate on how urine therapy is used and if it does or does not work!

Christmas Ornament

Digestive System Inquiry

Imagine if their was something wrong with your digestive system. Now imagine if the doctor prescribed you the wrong medication? In this case, you're in a lose lose situation. For nearly 100 years doctors wrongly prescribed medication for peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers are painful sores on the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. Physicians thought the source of this problem was spicy food or stress so they prescribed treatment which was rest and a tedious diet. But then in 1982, two Australian researchers found out what the real solution was; it was the bacterium helicobacter pylori which burrowed into the stomachs mucosal lining. After all the research and recordings, doctors came up with a better alternative prescription which was antibiotics. The two Australian researchers, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall were later awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2005.

Biological Molecules Lab

(Follow up questions and description were previously handed in)

Respiratory Lab

Both small beakers are full of 25ml of distilled water however, one beaker will be air pressured  while the other will be breathed into for five minutes.  After those five minutes one must add one drop of universal indactor to both beakers.

The beaker on the left came in contact with carbon dioxide and it changed color from white to yellow due to the universal indicator however, this proves that it has become more acidic in pH level.  While, the beaker on right was areated and it changed color from white to green which proves that it is still neutral.

The test tubes with the lime water. The left has a straw to breath into and the right side has a air pressure tube that will put oxygen into the lime water.

The test tube that had a air tube putting air didn't change and stayed neutral but were some bubbles. The left test tube with the straw changed color because it had contact with CO2.

Exercise Science - 5 Week Fitness Routine

Fitness Goals: Increase flexibility, core strength, and physical strength.
Measured:
Flexibility- Sit and reach
Core Strength- How long a plank can be held for
Physical Strength- The amount of weight and reps completed

Pre-test:

Flexibility- 2/5
Core Strength- 4 minutes 16 seconds
Physical Strength- (Squats) 225 pounds, (Bench Press) 200 pounds, (Push Press) 135 pounds, (Deadlift) 305 pounds, (Pull-ups) Max: 16 reps

Goals:

Flexibility: +4/5
Core Strength: 8 minutes
Physical Strength- (Squats) +240 pounds, (Bench Press) +215 pounds, (Push Press) +150 pounds, (Deadlift) +320 pounds, (Pull-ups) Max: 20

Note: Squats cannot be performed due to partially torn hip flexor and groin due to overuse of the muscles and the "wear and tear effect."

Week 1:

Monday- (Bench) 200 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 16 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x25, One leg plank (leg up and down) x25, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x25, Walking plank (resistance band) 60 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x15, Plank punch (resistance band) x15, Prone elbow stance x60 seconds, Lateral plank left x60 seconds, Lateral plank right x60 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 135 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 11 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x25, One leg plank (leg up and down) x25, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x25, Walking plank (resistance band) 60 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x15, Plank punch (resistance band) x15, Prone elbow stance x60 seconds, Lateral plank left x60 seconds, Lateral plank right x60 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Friday- (Deadlift) 305 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 17 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Week 2:

Monday- (Bench) 205 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 18 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x27, One leg plank (leg up and down) x27, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x27, Walking plank (resistance band) 70 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x17, Plank punch (resistance band) x17, Prone elbow stance x70 seconds, Lateral plank left x70 seconds, Lateral plank right x70 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 140 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 16 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x27, One leg plank (leg up and down) x27, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x27, Walking plank (resistance band) 70 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x17, Plank punch (resistance band) x17, Prone elbow stance x70 seconds, Lateral plank left x70 seconds, Lateral plank right x70 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Friday- (Deadlift) 310 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 18 reps, (Rehab) basic mountain climbers/3 sets/ 10 reps, bodyweight squats/3 sets/10 reps, jumping lunges/3 sets/10 reps, leg burst/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Week 3:

Monday- (Bench) 215 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 19 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x30, One leg plank (leg up and down) x30, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x30, Walking plank (resistance band) 80 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x20, Plank punch (resistance band) x20, Prone elbow stance x80 seconds, Lateral plank left x80 seconds, Lateral plank right x80 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 145 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 17 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x30, One leg plank (leg up and down) x30, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x30, Walking plank (resistance band) 80 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x20, Plank punch (resistance band) x20, Prone elbow stance x80 seconds, Lateral plank left x80 seconds, Lateral plank right x80 seconds, Plank xMax time,(Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day, everyday}

Friday- (Deadlift) 315 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 18 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Week 4:

Monday- (Bench) 220 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 19 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x35, One leg plank (leg up and down) x35, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x35, Walking plank (resistance band) 90 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x25, Plank punch (resistance band) x25, Prone elbow stance x90 seconds, Lateral plank left x90 seconds, Lateral plank right x90 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 150 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 20 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x35, One leg plank (leg up and down) x35, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x35, Walking plank (resistance band) 90 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x25, Plank punch (resistance band) x25, Prone elbow stance x90 seconds, Lateral plank left x90 seconds, Lateral plank right x90 seconds, Plank xMax time,(Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day, everyday}

Friday- (Deadlift) 320 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 18 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Week 5:

Monday- (Bench) 225 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 20 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Tuesday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x40, One leg plank (leg up and down) x40, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x40, Walking plank (resistance band) 95 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x30, Plank punch (resistance band) x30, Prone elbow stance x95 seconds, Lateral plank left x95 seconds, Lateral plank right x95 seconds, Plank xMax time, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Wednesday- (Push Press) 155 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 21 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Thursday- (Yoga) 30 minutes, (Core) One leg plank (leg out to the side) x40, One leg plank (leg up and down) x40, Plank Elbow elbow hand hand x40, Walking plank (resistance band) 95 seconds, Plank (arm comes across) x30, Plank punch (resistance band) x30, Prone elbow stance x95 seconds, Lateral plank left x95 seconds, Lateral plank right x95 seconds, Plank xMax time,(Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day, everyday}

Friday- (Deadlift) 325 pounds/3 sets/5 reps, (Pull-ups) Max: 20 reps, (Rehab) mountain climbers on low chair/4 sets/ 15 reps, bodyweight squats/4 sets/15 reps, jumping lunges/4 sets/15 reps, leg burst standing/3 sets/10 reps {Done twice a day}

Final Testing:

Flexibility- 3/5
Core Strength: 9 minutes 3 seconds
Physical Strength: (Bench Press) 225 pounds, (Push Press) 155 pounds, (Deadlift) 325 pounds, (Pull-ups) Max: 21 (Once)

Conclusion:

I was very proud of how far I got with my goals and rehab. My hip flexor and groin has been healing at a good rate considering how bad the injury was. I increased my physical strength to my likings and my core strength has increased dramatically. I was disappointed with my flexibility progress but I understand that increasing my flexibility will not take little over a month, it will take at least six to twelve months considering the tightness in my muscles. Overall this experiment was a great success and I enjoyed doing these recording and learning more about my body and my abilities.

Digestive System Online Quiz

5/5

Colon Cancer Surgery Reflection

Watching the colon cancer surgery take place as well as viewing the images taken was nonetheless horrific. I was surprised at the fact on how much the human stomach was able to inflate after being injected with carbon dioxide. I realized the point of inflating the stomach with carbon dioxide was so the surgeon had an overall better view to perform the surgery. I was absolutely amazed on how the surgeons were able to view themselves perform surgery looking at a screen while having a camera which was placed through a port. It was also very interesting to me how technology has advanced in medicare in the recent years. It makes me wonder how colon surgery's were performed in years previous before the advancement in technology. But from something outside the overall surgery, It fascinated me to watch the surgeons did the surgery so calmly, elegantly, productively and in an organized fashion. Considering this surgeons have spent their whole lives in school, it is still very impressive. I also found the development of colon cancer to be petrifying. Colon cancer is developed over the course of a few years. It takes place in the large intestine in which your cells do not function properly. The only way to find out you have colon cancer is through body scans. I learned an awful lot after watching the surgery take place. Colon cancer seems to be a secretive type of cancer, unlike most cancers where the symptoms become obvious instead of oblivious. Most importantly, I learned how well the doctors, nurses, and surgeons are trained and prepped before they start their careers. It takes a great deal of skill to do what these people have done and it reassures everyone they are safe under most physicians on Canadian soil.

Digestive System T-Shirt